Introduction
Since buying my whites I have been very interested in white Genetics and i have done a lot of research into what i should and shouldn't be doing with them, i have asked for white breeders opinions and talked to them about how they breed with this colour so i can get the best understanding i can to have a good chance to improve my whites in the future. I must say that this colour has got to be one of the hardest to understand and breed, of course some breeders say different things as everyone has there own opinions and experience with the white genes, it is up to you to figure out what you think is right and what is not and to go from there to do the best you can. Below is some information i have been given and would like to share.
White breeding and genes.
White hair on animals isn't caused by pigment but alack of pigment. It is a lack of both eumelanin and phaeomelanin. White areas on animals are simply caused when the cells cannot produce any pigment at all.
If you need to breed out to another colour either wolf sable or is parti factored is a good idea if your goal is to bring quality into your white program. Neither is the best idea if your goal is to improve the clarity of the white color however the parti has a gene that is needed for the ice white colour, You're best bet is to use white to white when you can.If you breed out to another color you will/may lose one generation of whites as those offspring may not be white. You must then breed those offspring back to white and may still only get about 50% white offspring. Note, Breeding to a wolf sable that is a true wolf sable with as little cream to the marking as possible is a better choice. However, for ice white color, the s/i parti gene is a good one to use to get that color.
White color is a simple recessive gene in Poms and to produce it you may need to have it on both sides of the pedigree. The closer on each side to the current generation, the better the chance of producing a white Pom. White bred to white will give you ONLY white (unless you are working with the chinchilla genes and then you can have wolf sable or black and silever pups from that breeding).
White color is a simple recessive gene in Poms and to produce it you may need to have it on both sides of the pedigree. The closer on each side to the current generation, the better the chance of producing a white Pom. White bred to white will give you ONLY white (unless you are working with the chinchilla genes and then you can have wolf sable or black and silever pups from that breeding).
IF you look at a pedigree of a white dogs who comes from primarily colored ancestry you sometimes find the white many generations back but you will always find a white dog on both sides of the pedigree
A dog called white factored means that the dog has a white parent. If the dog has white further back in the pedigree, such as a white parent or even further back, it's possible it is white factored but you don't know that until it actually produces a white pup.
A dog called white factored means that the dog has a white parent. If the dog has white further back in the pedigree, such as a white parent or even further back, it's possible it is white factored but you don't know that until it actually produces a white pup.
*White bred to white will give you ONLY white puppies.
*A white to a white factored dog who has a white parent (and is therefore definitely white factored) You will get aproximately 50% white pups and50% non white but white factored pups.
*White factor with one white parent bred to white factor with one white parent will give you 25% white, 25% color, and 50% white carriers.
*If you a breed colored/white factored to a colored/white factored you will get 50% white factored and 25% non white factored and 25% white.
About the Chinchilla gene. (cʷ )
There is a type of white, which is caused by a gene called chinchilla. The chinchilla gene dilutes red (phaeomelanin) pigment by diluting the red(phaeomelanin) pigment the breeding will make the cells produce less pigment particles than normal, so the colour gets lighter. So a Clear Light Orange Pomeranian when bred to a dog with a double dose of the chinchilla Gene can produce White. Black can go Blue, Brown can go Lavender Etc.If it is diluted enough, it can become white. Many white dogs have a slight ivory/cream sheen to their coats because their cells are still producing a very small amount of pigment. This sort of white does not affect eumelanin, so any black/liver/blue/isabella areas on the coat will stay dark, and the eyes and nose will do too. The red sable can be lightened down to a wolf sable orange sable can be ightened to a blue sable to a silver Sable Creme Sable to a very light silver Sable etc.
Very little is known about these three genes. It is possible that they display incomplete or co-dominance, which would account for the extreme variations in shade. A cchcp (one copy of chinchilla, one of platinum) dog would therefore appear to be around the colour of a dog with extreme chinchilla (ce), but possibly slightly darker.
The chinchilla series is thought to be responsible for solid white dogs with black nose/lip/eye-rim pigment, such as Samoyeds. These dogs are recessive red (ee) with the platinum gene, which dilutes their phaeomelanin (red) to white. See the Schnauzer section below for more information about white.
Genetic testing on Samoyeds has found them to be homozygous for both recessive red and recessive black. Some geneticists (such as Sue Ann Bowling) have suggested that it is this combination of genes which causes them to be solid white. This would be because recessive red stops the dog from producing eumelanin (black pigment) and recessive black stops it from producingphaeomelanin (black pigment). The result would be a dog that couldn't produce any pigment at all in its coat, and so would be solid white (but with a fully-pigmented nose, because recessive red only affects the coat and not the nose, eyes etc). This is certainly an interesting theory, but there are a few problems with it. Firstly, some Samoyeds have "biscuit" spots, which are small patches of cream, and some are even cream all over. This would not be possible if the dog could not produce phaeomelanin, because cream is very diluted phaeomelanin. This variation suggests that the white on Samoyeds is simply dilution and not due to the recessive red/recessive black combination. There are other breeds too which come in varying shades of white and cream, such as the German Spitz. Secondly, solid white is known to occur in breeds which definitely do not carry recessive black. Towards the bottom of the page we deal with white Schnauzers, and these are one example. Cream doesn't occur in this breed (although the white is often an ivory shade), so in some ways it provides a better example of solid white than the variable Samoyed does. Yet Schnauzers are known to carry dominant black, not recessive. There isn't even a chance that they carry "hidden" recessive black, because they only have the at and aw genes on the A locus (a, which is recessive black, is also on the A locus).
So overall, although it seems to make sense that a recessive black/recessive red dog would be solid white, there's no evidence to suggest that this gene combination is in fact responsible for white. It seems much more likely that it's simply down to an extreme dilution of phaeomelanin (red) on a recessive red dog.
There is a type of white, which is caused by a gene called chinchilla. The chinchilla gene dilutes red (phaeomelanin) pigment by diluting the red(phaeomelanin) pigment the breeding will make the cells produce less pigment particles than normal, so the colour gets lighter. So a Clear Light Orange Pomeranian when bred to a dog with a double dose of the chinchilla Gene can produce White. Black can go Blue, Brown can go Lavender Etc.If it is diluted enough, it can become white. Many white dogs have a slight ivory/cream sheen to their coats because their cells are still producing a very small amount of pigment. This sort of white does not affect eumelanin, so any black/liver/blue/isabella areas on the coat will stay dark, and the eyes and nose will do too. The red sable can be lightened down to a wolf sable orange sable can be ightened to a blue sable to a silver Sable Creme Sable to a very light silver Sable etc.
Very little is known about these three genes. It is possible that they display incomplete or co-dominance, which would account for the extreme variations in shade. A cchcp (one copy of chinchilla, one of platinum) dog would therefore appear to be around the colour of a dog with extreme chinchilla (ce), but possibly slightly darker.
The chinchilla series is thought to be responsible for solid white dogs with black nose/lip/eye-rim pigment, such as Samoyeds. These dogs are recessive red (ee) with the platinum gene, which dilutes their phaeomelanin (red) to white. See the Schnauzer section below for more information about white.
Genetic testing on Samoyeds has found them to be homozygous for both recessive red and recessive black. Some geneticists (such as Sue Ann Bowling) have suggested that it is this combination of genes which causes them to be solid white. This would be because recessive red stops the dog from producing eumelanin (black pigment) and recessive black stops it from producingphaeomelanin (black pigment). The result would be a dog that couldn't produce any pigment at all in its coat, and so would be solid white (but with a fully-pigmented nose, because recessive red only affects the coat and not the nose, eyes etc). This is certainly an interesting theory, but there are a few problems with it. Firstly, some Samoyeds have "biscuit" spots, which are small patches of cream, and some are even cream all over. This would not be possible if the dog could not produce phaeomelanin, because cream is very diluted phaeomelanin. This variation suggests that the white on Samoyeds is simply dilution and not due to the recessive red/recessive black combination. There are other breeds too which come in varying shades of white and cream, such as the German Spitz. Secondly, solid white is known to occur in breeds which definitely do not carry recessive black. Towards the bottom of the page we deal with white Schnauzers, and these are one example. Cream doesn't occur in this breed (although the white is often an ivory shade), so in some ways it provides a better example of solid white than the variable Samoyed does. Yet Schnauzers are known to carry dominant black, not recessive. There isn't even a chance that they carry "hidden" recessive black, because they only have the at and aw genes on the A locus (a, which is recessive black, is also on the A locus).
So overall, although it seems to make sense that a recessive black/recessive red dog would be solid white, there's no evidence to suggest that this gene combination is in fact responsible for white. It seems much more likely that it's simply down to an extreme dilution of phaeomelanin (red) on a recessive red dog.
Colour genes found in a white pomeranian and german spitz.
Are:
Aˢx Bx cʷcʷ dx ex sx gg mm px tt
Aˢ
Allows a distribution of dark pigment over the whole body surface(dominant,this gene is inherited from at least one parent in a black pomeranian).
B
produces black pigmentation of nose, footpads and eye rims; produces black pigment granules in both the inner and outer layers of each hair strand.
cʷ
This gene is found in pure-white german spitz and pomeranians. It reduces all pigmentation of the hair to white, leaving the pigmentation of eyes,nose,eye rims and foot-pads either black or brown.
Not completely recessive, this gene can weaken the effect of gene C, so that poms of mixed red/white or orange/white breeding become dilute orange or cream in coat coler. Blacks of mixed black/white breeding may have white feet or toes.
d
dilutes the black pigmentation, as in true (for example the bule maltese) or the dilute chocolate pigmentation as seen in beaver-colored dogs ( for example, weimaraners) is produced by this gene.
e
Permits no fomation of dark (black or chocolate) pigment in the hair but does not influence red or yellow pigment (certain types of orange pomeranians and certain types of "Irish setter red" Pomeranians can have this gene, along with the gene Aˢ, when mated with a orange or red with or without sable but with the gene E, black pups may be the product.
S
solid-colored coat with no white or very minute spots of white on toes and chest.
g
constant pigmentation
m
uniform pigmentation
p
reduces black pigmentation to "lilac" and chocolate to light yellowish
t
Are:
Aˢx Bx cʷcʷ dx ex sx gg mm px tt
Aˢ
Allows a distribution of dark pigment over the whole body surface(dominant,this gene is inherited from at least one parent in a black pomeranian).
B
produces black pigmentation of nose, footpads and eye rims; produces black pigment granules in both the inner and outer layers of each hair strand.
cʷ
This gene is found in pure-white german spitz and pomeranians. It reduces all pigmentation of the hair to white, leaving the pigmentation of eyes,nose,eye rims and foot-pads either black or brown.
Not completely recessive, this gene can weaken the effect of gene C, so that poms of mixed red/white or orange/white breeding become dilute orange or cream in coat coler. Blacks of mixed black/white breeding may have white feet or toes.
d
dilutes the black pigmentation, as in true (for example the bule maltese) or the dilute chocolate pigmentation as seen in beaver-colored dogs ( for example, weimaraners) is produced by this gene.
e
Permits no fomation of dark (black or chocolate) pigment in the hair but does not influence red or yellow pigment (certain types of orange pomeranians and certain types of "Irish setter red" Pomeranians can have this gene, along with the gene Aˢ, when mated with a orange or red with or without sable but with the gene E, black pups may be the product.
S
solid-colored coat with no white or very minute spots of white on toes and chest.
g
constant pigmentation
m
uniform pigmentation
p
reduces black pigmentation to "lilac" and chocolate to light yellowish
t
clear white, unticked coat.
http://www.pomlake-pomeranians.com/whitegenetics.html
White breeding and genes.
*White bred to white will give you ONLY white puppies.
Introduction
Since buying my whites I have been very interested in white Genetics and i have done a lot of research into what i should and shouldn't be doing with them, i have asked for white breeders opinions and talked to them about how they breed with this colour so i can get the best understanding i can to have a good chance to improve my whites in the future. I must say that this colour has got to be one of the hardest to understand and breed, of course some breeders say different things as everyone has there own opinions and experience with the white genes, it is up to you to figure out what you think is right and what is not and to go from there to do the best you can. Below is some information i have been given and would like to share.
White breeding and genes.
White hair on animals isn't caused by pigment but alack of pigment. It is a lack of both eumelanin and phaeomelanin. White areas on animals are simply caused when the cells cannot produce any pigment at all.
If you need to breed out to another colour either wolf sable or is parti factored is a good idea if your goal is to bring quality into your white program. Neither is the best idea if your goal is to improve the clarity of the white color however the parti has a gene that is needed for the ice white colour, You're best bet is to use white to white when you can.If you breed out to another color you will/may lose one generation of whites as those offspring may not be white. You must then breed those offspring back to white and may still only get about 50% white offspring. Note, Breeding to a wolf sable that is a true wolf sable with as little cream to the marking as possible is a better choice. However, for ice white color, the s/i parti gene is a good one to use to get that color.
White color is a simple recessive gene in Poms and to produce it you may need to have it on both sides of the pedigree. The closer on each side to the current generation, the better the chance of producing a white Pom. White bred to white will give you ONLY white (unless you are working with the chinchilla genes and then you can have wolf sable or black and silever pups from that breeding).
White color is a simple recessive gene in Poms and to produce it you may need to have it on both sides of the pedigree. The closer on each side to the current generation, the better the chance of producing a white Pom. White bred to white will give you ONLY white (unless you are working with the chinchilla genes and then you can have wolf sable or black and silever pups from that breeding).
IF you look at a pedigree of a white dogs who comes from primarily colored ancestry you sometimes find the white many generations back but you will always find a white dog on both sides of the pedigree
A dog called white factored means that the dog has a white parent. If the dog has white further back in the pedigree, such as a white parent or even further back, it's possible it is white factored but you don't know that until it actually produces a white pup.
A dog called white factored means that the dog has a white parent. If the dog has white further back in the pedigree, such as a white parent or even further back, it's possible it is white factored but you don't know that until it actually produces a white pup.
*White bred to white will give you ONLY white puppies.
*A white to a white factored dog who has a white parent (and is therefore definitely white factored) You will get aproximately 50% white pups and50% non white but white factored pups.
*White factor with one white parent bred to white factor with one white parent will give you 25% white, 25% color, and 50% white carriers.
*If you a breed colored/white factored to a colored/white factored you will get 50% white factored and 25% non white factored and 25% white.
About the Chinchilla gene. (cʷ )
There is a type of white, which is caused by a gene called chinchilla. The chinchilla gene dilutes red (phaeomelanin) pigment by diluting the red(phaeomelanin) pigment the breeding will make the cells produce less pigment particles than normal, so the colour gets lighter. So a Clear Light Orange Pomeranian when bred to a dog with a double dose of the chinchilla Gene can produce White. Black can go Blue, Brown can go Lavender Etc.If it is diluted enough, it can become white. Many white dogs have a slight ivory/cream sheen to their coats because their cells are still producing a very small amount of pigment. This sort of white does not affect eumelanin, so any black/liver/blue/isabella areas on the coat will stay dark, and the eyes and nose will do too. The red sable can be lightened down to a wolf sable orange sable can be ightened to a blue sable to a silver Sable Creme Sable to a very light silver Sable etc.
Very little is known about these three genes. It is possible that they display incomplete or co-dominance, which would account for the extreme variations in shade. A cchcp (one copy of chinchilla, one of platinum) dog would therefore appear to be around the colour of a dog with extreme chinchilla (ce), but possibly slightly darker.
The chinchilla series is thought to be responsible for solid white dogs with black nose/lip/eye-rim pigment, such as Samoyeds. These dogs are recessive red (ee) with the platinum gene, which dilutes their phaeomelanin (red) to white. See the Schnauzer section below for more information about white.
Genetic testing on Samoyeds has found them to be homozygous for both recessive red and recessive black. Some geneticists (such as Sue Ann Bowling) have suggested that it is this combination of genes which causes them to be solid white. This would be because recessive red stops the dog from producing eumelanin (black pigment) and recessive black stops it from producingphaeomelanin (black pigment). The result would be a dog that couldn't produce any pigment at all in its coat, and so would be solid white (but with a fully-pigmented nose, because recessive red only affects the coat and not the nose, eyes etc). This is certainly an interesting theory, but there are a few problems with it. Firstly, some Samoyeds have "biscuit" spots, which are small patches of cream, and some are even cream all over. This would not be possible if the dog could not produce phaeomelanin, because cream is very diluted phaeomelanin. This variation suggests that the white on Samoyeds is simply dilution and not due to the recessive red/recessive black combination. There are other breeds too which come in varying shades of white and cream, such as the German Spitz. Secondly, solid white is known to occur in breeds which definitely do not carry recessive black. Towards the bottom of the page we deal with white Schnauzers, and these are one example. Cream doesn't occur in this breed (although the white is often an ivory shade), so in some ways it provides a better example of solid white than the variable Samoyed does. Yet Schnauzers are known to carry dominant black, not recessive. There isn't even a chance that they carry "hidden" recessive black, because they only have the at and aw genes on the A locus (a, which is recessive black, is also on the A locus).
So overall, although it seems to make sense that a recessive black/recessive red dog would be solid white, there's no evidence to suggest that this gene combination is in fact responsible for white. It seems much more likely that it's simply down to an extreme dilution of phaeomelanin (red) on a recessive red dog.
There is a type of white, which is caused by a gene called chinchilla. The chinchilla gene dilutes red (phaeomelanin) pigment by diluting the red(phaeomelanin) pigment the breeding will make the cells produce less pigment particles than normal, so the colour gets lighter. So a Clear Light Orange Pomeranian when bred to a dog with a double dose of the chinchilla Gene can produce White. Black can go Blue, Brown can go Lavender Etc.If it is diluted enough, it can become white. Many white dogs have a slight ivory/cream sheen to their coats because their cells are still producing a very small amount of pigment. This sort of white does not affect eumelanin, so any black/liver/blue/isabella areas on the coat will stay dark, and the eyes and nose will do too. The red sable can be lightened down to a wolf sable orange sable can be ightened to a blue sable to a silver Sable Creme Sable to a very light silver Sable etc.
Very little is known about these three genes. It is possible that they display incomplete or co-dominance, which would account for the extreme variations in shade. A cchcp (one copy of chinchilla, one of platinum) dog would therefore appear to be around the colour of a dog with extreme chinchilla (ce), but possibly slightly darker.
The chinchilla series is thought to be responsible for solid white dogs with black nose/lip/eye-rim pigment, such as Samoyeds. These dogs are recessive red (ee) with the platinum gene, which dilutes their phaeomelanin (red) to white. See the Schnauzer section below for more information about white.
Genetic testing on Samoyeds has found them to be homozygous for both recessive red and recessive black. Some geneticists (such as Sue Ann Bowling) have suggested that it is this combination of genes which causes them to be solid white. This would be because recessive red stops the dog from producing eumelanin (black pigment) and recessive black stops it from producingphaeomelanin (black pigment). The result would be a dog that couldn't produce any pigment at all in its coat, and so would be solid white (but with a fully-pigmented nose, because recessive red only affects the coat and not the nose, eyes etc). This is certainly an interesting theory, but there are a few problems with it. Firstly, some Samoyeds have "biscuit" spots, which are small patches of cream, and some are even cream all over. This would not be possible if the dog could not produce phaeomelanin, because cream is very diluted phaeomelanin. This variation suggests that the white on Samoyeds is simply dilution and not due to the recessive red/recessive black combination. There are other breeds too which come in varying shades of white and cream, such as the German Spitz. Secondly, solid white is known to occur in breeds which definitely do not carry recessive black. Towards the bottom of the page we deal with white Schnauzers, and these are one example. Cream doesn't occur in this breed (although the white is often an ivory shade), so in some ways it provides a better example of solid white than the variable Samoyed does. Yet Schnauzers are known to carry dominant black, not recessive. There isn't even a chance that they carry "hidden" recessive black, because they only have the at and aw genes on the A locus (a, which is recessive black, is also on the A locus).
So overall, although it seems to make sense that a recessive black/recessive red dog would be solid white, there's no evidence to suggest that this gene combination is in fact responsible for white. It seems much more likely that it's simply down to an extreme dilution of phaeomelanin (red) on a recessive red dog.
Colour genes found in a white pomeranian and german spitz.
Are:
Aˢx Bx cʷcʷ dx ex sx gg mm px tt
Aˢ
Allows a distribution of dark pigment over the whole body surface(dominant,this gene is inherited from at least one parent in a black pomeranian).
B
produces black pigmentation of nose, footpads and eye rims; produces black pigment granules in both the inner and outer layers of each hair strand.
cʷ
This gene is found in pure-white german spitz and pomeranians. It reduces all pigmentation of the hair to white, leaving the pigmentation of eyes,nose,eye rims and foot-pads either black or brown.
Not completely recessive, this gene can weaken the effect of gene C, so that poms of mixed red/white or orange/white breeding become dilute orange or cream in coat coler. Blacks of mixed black/white breeding may have white feet or toes.
d
dilutes the black pigmentation, as in true (for example the bule maltese) or the dilute chocolate pigmentation as seen in beaver-colored dogs ( for example, weimaraners) is produced by this gene.
e
Permits no fomation of dark (black or chocolate) pigment in the hair but does not influence red or yellow pigment (certain types of orange pomeranians and certain types of "Irish setter red" Pomeranians can have this gene, along with the gene Aˢ, when mated with a orange or red with or without sable but with the gene E, black pups may be the product.
S
solid-colored coat with no white or very minute spots of white on toes and chest.
g
constant pigmentation
m
uniform pigmentation
p
reduces black pigmentation to "lilac" and chocolate to light yellowish
t
clear white, unticked coat.
Are:
Aˢx Bx cʷcʷ dx ex sx gg mm px tt
Aˢ
Allows a distribution of dark pigment over the whole body surface(dominant,this gene is inherited from at least one parent in a black pomeranian).
B
produces black pigmentation of nose, footpads and eye rims; produces black pigment granules in both the inner and outer layers of each hair strand.
cʷ
This gene is found in pure-white german spitz and pomeranians. It reduces all pigmentation of the hair to white, leaving the pigmentation of eyes,nose,eye rims and foot-pads either black or brown.
Not completely recessive, this gene can weaken the effect of gene C, so that poms of mixed red/white or orange/white breeding become dilute orange or cream in coat coler. Blacks of mixed black/white breeding may have white feet or toes.
d
dilutes the black pigmentation, as in true (for example the bule maltese) or the dilute chocolate pigmentation as seen in beaver-colored dogs ( for example, weimaraners) is produced by this gene.
e
Permits no fomation of dark (black or chocolate) pigment in the hair but does not influence red or yellow pigment (certain types of orange pomeranians and certain types of "Irish setter red" Pomeranians can have this gene, along with the gene Aˢ, when mated with a orange or red with or without sable but with the gene E, black pups may be the product.
S
solid-colored coat with no white or very minute spots of white on toes and chest.
g
constant pigmentation
m
uniform pigmentation
p
reduces black pigmentation to "lilac" and chocolate to light yellowish
t
clear white, unticked coat.
Pomlake Pomeranians. http://www.pomlake-pomeranians.com/whitegenetics.html
